Binayak Hospital

Chronic kidney disease (CKD and chronic renal disease) means that there is damage to the kidneys and they are not working as well as they are supposed to. Kidneys act as a filter in the body, filtering out waste material, toxins and extra water from the blood. We get to know some of the causes of chronic kidney disease from the best nephrologist in Dumdum . Causes of CKD The following points indicate the causes of CKD: Diabetes Diabetes, particularly Type 2 diabetes, is considered one of the leading causes of CKD. High blood sugar levels over a period of time may damage the kidneys' filtering units, leading to kidney disease. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Uncontrolled high blood pressure may damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys. This affects their ability to filter waste products from the blood in an effective manner. Glomerulonephritis This condition refers to the inflammation of glomeruli, the tiny filters in the kidneys. Glomerulonephritis may be caused by infectio...

The stages of breast cancer are decided by the cancer’s characteristics, such as its size and whether or not it has hormone receptors. This helps determine treatment options and prognosis. The best breast cancer surgery doctor in Kolkata explains the different stages of breast cancer. Stages of breast cancer The stages range from 0 to IV and higher stages show a more advanced disease. Staging may be done either before or after a patient undergoes surgery. Staging done before surgery is referred to as the clinical stage and staging done after surgery is known as the pathologic stage. Here is a summary of the stages and what they exactly mean:  Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ): This stage refers to non-invasive breast cancer. The abnormal cells are restricted to the ducts or lobules of the breast. The cancer cells have not yet spread beyond the original location and are not considered invasive. Stage IA The tumour is tiny, invasive and has not spread to the lymph nodes. Stage IB Cancer h...